le min hoo

The secret of youth

BEAUTIFUL and youthful, which women do not? Relax, you do not need to directly calculate how much the cost of care. Picky about certain foods that can only support the mission of these women.
 So, what food should you eat to keep it always beautiful and in shape? The nickname of the beautiful and young can be carried by healthy eating habits and eating certain foods that are anti-aging.For taut and shiny skin . In order to keep the skin firm, supple, and glowing like a teenage girl, strawberries, tomatoes, and tofu are some foods that can help you have it.
 Strawberries are rich in vitamin C. These pieces will help you get rid of wrinkles and dryness of the skin caused by age.
 Tomatoes are also a good food to beauty because it helps your skin become smooth and shining.
 While borne out helps the skin firmer and fuller for maintaining smooth and makes it glow all day.
 In order to gain energy, but still mild
 The best way to look young is to eat snacks throughout the day. Snacks that are referred to here is not a snack food that is not filling a long time. Instead, choose a soup, salad vegetables, or fruit salad, whole grain breads and fruits.
 These foods are relatively mild because it is easily accepted by both the stomach from absorbing nutrients and always control that tends to get excess fat.
 Foods such as vegetables and fruits can be made interesting and delicious by adding a certain spice to light but tasty. By including these foods in the daily menu, you are always fit and look younger without the need too much help of cosmetics.
 Slim and prevent stress with spices
 Chili, pepper, and paprika is a spice-producing heat that can reduce your hunger.
 Yes, spicy sensation derived from the spices warm the stomach so it does not hurry to eat other foods.
 Add them in the menu you can also get rid of stress. Do not believe it? Try it. Origin is not excessive, these benefits you can get well.

eunhyuk super junior

Profil dan Fakta Eunhyuk Super Junior -  Eunhyuk adalah salah seorang member group boyband besar asal Korea Selatan, Super Junior. Pria yang bernama lengkap Lee Hyuk Jae ini selain sebagai seorang penyanyi, juga berprofesi sebagai seorang aktor, MC, dan DJ. Berikut fakta menarik dan profil Enhyuk.

Fakta Eunhyuk

• Hobi Eunhyuk adalah menari dan berolahraga
• Eunhyuk beragama kristen
• Eunhyuk memulai debutnya dengan Super Junior pada tahun 2005
• Pada 19 April 2007, Eunhyuk dirawat di rumah sakit karena kecelakaan mobil
• Eunhyuk mengikuti audisi SM Entertainment pada tahun 1999, saat usia nya 14 tahun
• Eunhyuk adalah dance 1 utama di group Super Junior
   

  Profil Eunhyuk

  Nama : Eunhyuk

  Nama Asli : Lee Hyuk Jae

  Posisi di group : Peanri utama, Rapper Utama, Vokalis

  Tanggal Lahir : 4 April 1986

  Tempat Lahir : Neongguk, Goyang, Korea Selatan

  Tinggi : 176 cm

  Berat : 58 kg

  Golongan Darah : O

  Zodiak : Aries

  Pendidikan : Pai Chai University

  Agensi : SM Entertainment

  Twitter : http://twitter.com/#!/AllRiseSilver

profile girls generation

Girls' Generation as a closing act for Summer Sonic 2011 in Japan.

Music-lovers attending Japan's largest music festival, Summer Sonic, have become accustomed to catching sets by the world's biggest musicians, from headliners Jay-Z and Beyoncé to Coldplay and My Chemical Romance. 

This year though, a "special guest" closed the show in Tokyo.

Girls' Generation is the first Korean act to close the Japanese festival -- and follows in the footsteps of a previous late-night special guest, Lady Gaga.

"We feel like rock stars!" said Tiffany of Girls' Generation, moments before taking the stage. "It's completely exciting to attend a rock festival when we are not rock, so we are hoping we can give it a different twist for this year's show."

The appearance came as little surprise to music fans in Japan.

In June, Girls' Generation's self-titled album became the best-selling debut ever by a foreign artist in Japan.

It's gone on to break the 500,000 sales barrier, making the group the highest-earning foreign act in Japan this year.

The silver lining around their outfits -- glittering black skirts, designer waistcoats, knee-high boots -- proves an apt metaphor for the years of training the girls have been through.

But spend a few minutes with the chipper Hallyu leaders, and you sense their international careers have just gotten underway.

Global domination

Backstage, clearly excited to be part of the eclectic Summer Sonic, California-born Tiffany couldn't wait to show audiences her enthusiasm.

"We are definitely fans of the artists here and it's great to be standing on the same stage as them," she says, while perched on the edge of a sofa for nine. 

"We heard Avril Lavigne and Panic at the Disco! but it wasn't fair because Sunny walked in screaming 'I saw James Blunt!' and Seohyun was so sad!" says Tiffany, throwing a sympathetic arm around Seohyun.

More on CNNGo: Interview: Introducing Aziatix, this year's breakout group 

The group has already performed shows as part of the SM Town Live tour in Los Angeles, Shanghai and Paris, and they promise future shows in other international cities.

But 22-year-old Sunny is keen to join more festivals "wherever our fans are … but if we had to choose somewhere in particular, how about South America?" 

With girl groups being the latest in what has become a Korean Wave machine, Girls' Generation are one of many hoping to break into the coveted U.S. market. 

"We debuted in Japan last year so we sing in Japanese, but we would definitely like to sing in English and make a worldwide record," says the group's second U.S.-born member, Jessica.

Breaking into the West

Girls' Generation perform at MTV Video Music Aid Japan 2011. The group released a video for their latest Japanese single, "Bad Girl," on August 10.

Billboard Magazine Tokyo Bureau Chief Rob Schwartz believes that it is inevitable that an Asian artist will eventually break in the United States. Could it be Girls' Generation?

"I think it's unlikely that any wave is going to break through the way that K-Pop has in Japan," Schwartz says. "America is too big a market for that and the United States and European markets are not very unified, anyway. But an Asian artist will break through at some point."

If Girls' Generation can achieve the ultimate crossover, they will feel it's well-earned. Jessica signed to SM Entertainment at age 11 in 2000 and all of the girls have been through years of training.

"We don't think we achieved success quickly because we spent a lot of time ptacticing and spending our school years together," says Jessica. 

More on CNNGo: 9 rising 'It' stars in Korean entertainment 

"We spent out entire lives preparing for this, so of course all of this incredible success is a blessing, but we've waited for so long and we are only just beginning to show what we have," adds Tiffany. 

The group also reveals personal ambitions, suggesting that each member has her own plans both inside and outside of the group. 

"Each girl has practiced choreographing, acting and singing, so we are looking forward to being in the group, but also showing individual acts," says Tiffany.

Hard work

Girls' Generation as honorary ambassadors for Visit Korea 2010-2011.

The amount of training K-Pop groups go through has led to many stories of undue pressure and overwork. Hyoyeon and Jessica are quick to dismiss the negative portrayals.

"We stay fresh by being silly!" says Jessica.

"We like to get together and play games, talk, have sleep-overs, eat and normal girls stuff," says Tiffany. "Everyone's silly, no one is quiet. That's the specialty of the group, we are extremely loud!"

"We also have free time to ourselves, and we spend it with our family and friends," says Jessica. "These days, we are travelling a lot to different countries all over the world, but we like to spend time in Korea."

Over the next few months the girls will be promoting a new album in Korea, an album comprising "a wide variety of songs" recorded over two months, followed by a tour.

More on CNNGo: Korea's teeniest girl group breaks down at Seoul fan meeting 

"Being on stage with all nine of us is refreshing and energizing," says Jessica. "It's the energy that's important -- we call it Girl Power!"

"It's especially exciting because we get to spend the whole three hours performing, all nine of us," adds Tiffany. "We always have a different concept when we go on stage, but I think what it comes down to is the group is always about being natural."

profil five minutes band

.  Masih ingat dengan penampilan band yang kerap mengenakan sarung dalam penampilannya era 90-an ??

Yaa, mereka adalah Five Minutes, band asal Bandung yang identik dengan sarung pada tahun itu... Eits.., tunggu dulu, masa iya sih sekarang juga masih pakai sarung??, yang pastinya mereka saat ini sudah meninggalkan ciri khas Five Minutes itu. Siapa sih mereka semua dibalik Five Minutes yang sekarang ini?

Terdiri atas Ricky Tjahyadi (keyboardis), Richie SetiawanDrie Warnanta (bassis), Aria Yudistira (drumer) dan Rulhilman (gitaris), yaa... mereka adalah Five Minutes .

Hadir dengan album terbaru Five Minutes yang bertajuk Rockmantic

Di album tersebut, mereka menyajikan sepuluh lagu, di antaranya adalah , Menahan Perih, Bertahan, Takkan Rela, Bersalah, Bidadari, Tanpamu, Jangan Sakiti Aku, Masihkah Aku, Jauhi Dirinya dan Benarkah Itu?. Single andalan di album ini adalah Bertahan yang memang terbukti cukup populer dan tak asing lagi ditelinga. tahun 2007 yang penggarapannya dilakukan selama rentang Maret 2004 hingga Maret 2007. Cukup lama memang, untuk membuat album yang digarap dengan apik ini. (vokalis),

Ditahun 2010 ini Five Minutes kembali hadir dengan album terbaru mereka berjudul Satu Hati. Download album mereka disini Five Minutes - Satu Hati Full Album 2010

Fasciola hepatica

Fascioliasis

Morphology: ep

The Adult Worm - Averaging 30mm in length and 13 mm in width, Fasciola hepatica is one of the largest flukes in the world. The adult worm has a very characteristic leaf shape with the anterior end being broader than the posterior end and an anterior cone-shaped projection. The fluke possesses a powerful oral sucker at the end the anterior cone and a ventral sucker at the base of the cone which allow it to attach to the lining of the biliary ducts. Each worm possesses ovaries and testes which are highly branched and allow for individual flukes to produce eggs independently.

The Egg - The eggs of Fasciola hepatica are operculated and average 140 μm in length and 75 μm in width.

 

Follow me to a labeled images of Fasciola hepatica

 

History:

Eggs of Fasciola hepatica have been found in mummies, showing that human infection was occurring at least as early as Pharaonic times (Farag). Indeed, F. hepatica was the first fluke or trematode to be reported. It was first discovered, however, not in humans, but in sheep where it causes a more obvious burden. A French man, Jehan de Brie, made the earliest references to F. hepatica and accurately recognized the source of infection in his 1379 publication, Le Bon Berger (The Good Shepherd). It is from this early text that F. hepatica required its common name, sheep liver fluke. References to the sheep liver fluke appear in animal husbandry texts throughout the next several centuries until it was given its Latin name by Linnaeus in 1758 and it was not until the late 19^th century that F. hepatica's life cycle was elucidated and its role in humans was commonly recognized. Since then, fascioliasis has become one of the most studied hemintichelmintic infections and holds a high-raking position in the minds of public health policy makers.

 Epidemiology:

Fasciola hepatica is found on every continent with nearly 180 million people at risk and an estimated 2.4 million people already infected worldwide. Prevalence is highest in areas where extensive sheep and cattle raising occurs and where dietary practices include the consumption of raw aquatic vegetables. In many locations such as Portugal, the Nile delta, northern Iran, parts of China, and the Andean highlands of Ecuador, Bolivia, and Peru, infections rates are high enough to make fascioliasis a serious public health concern.

The need for temperate, slow-moving or standing water in F. hepatica's life cycle and transmission had previously kept infection limited to populations within well-defined watershed boundaries. Recently however, urbanization, migration, and development practices such as dam building and irrigation have increased the populations at risk and the incidence of human infection has increased significantly over the past 20 years (Chitsulo, Montresor, and Savioli).

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Transmission:

There is no vector in Fasciola hepatica transmission.

Transmission occurs through the ingestion of raw, fresh-water vegetation on which the flukes in their metacercariae form are encysted. The plants become exposed to the metacercariae when the body of water that the vegetation is growing in becomes contaminated by eggs in the fecal matter of an infected host. Nearly all cases are a result of watercress consumption, although alfalfa and water lettuce play a large role is some areas. A form of infection known as halzoun that is specific to the Middle East is contracted by eating the raw liver of an infected animal.

Reservoir:

Despite high infection rates, humans are only accidental hosts of the Fasciola hepatica parasite. The primary definitive hosts of F. hepatica are domestic and wild ruminants although infections have been found in any number of mammalian herbivores. Fascioliasis in sheep and cattle is a serious problem both in terms of economic loss and transmission to humans. Because so many animals can ac as hosts, the reservoir for F. hepatica is large and represents a serious challenge to control efforts.

  Follow me to a full description of the Fasciola hepatica life cycle

Clinical Presentation:

Up to 50% of Fasciola hepatica infections are asymptomatic and disease may appear anywhere from a few days to several years after infection (Tolan).

.osinophilia is present with all infections at all stages and can be used as a diagnostic factor in ectopic and early stage infections when eggs are not be present in the stool.

When symptoms do appear, they occur in the following patterns:

Acute Phase ­ The acute phase of infection is rarely seen in humans and occurs only when a large number of metacercariae are ingested at once. Fever, tender hepatomegaly, and abdominal pain are the most frequent symptoms of this stage of infection although vomiting, diarrhea, urticaria (hives), anemia, and may all be present.

The above characteristics of the acute phase are caused by the migration of the F. hepatica larvae throughout the liver parenchyma. The larvae penetrate the liver capsule and begin to produce the above symptoms 4-7 days after ingestion. Migration and thus the acute phase continues for 6-8 weeks until the larvae mature and settle in the bile ducts.

Chronic Phase ­ The symptoms of chronic infection are much more common in human populations and include biliary cholic, abdominal pain, tender hepatomegaly, and jaundice. In children, severe anemia is a common result of infection and is the greatest source of disability from infection in this age group. These symptoms reflect the biliary obstruction and inflammation caused by the presence of the large adult worms and their metabolic waste in the bile ducts. Inflammation of the bile ducts eventually leads to fibrosis and a condition called "pipestem liver", a term describing the white appearance of the biliary ducts after fibrosis. The final outcome of severe infections is portal cirrhosis and even death.

Halzoun ­ The condition commonly known as halzoun is a type of Fasciola hepatica infection in which the worm settles in the pharynx. This occurs when an individual consumes infected raw liver. The young adult worms then attach themselves to the pharyngeal mucosa which causes considerable pain, edema, and bleeding that can interfere with respiration. The adults can live in the biliary ducts, causing symptoms for up to 10 years.

Ectopic Infection ­ Ectopic infections through normal transmission are infrequent but can occur in the peritoneal cavity, intestinal wall, lungs, subcutaneous tissue, and very rarely in other locations.

Diagnostic Tests:

The definitive and most widely used form of diagnosis is the directly observed presence of Fasciola hepatica eggs either in a stool sample, duodenal aspirate or biliary aspirate.

However, the flukes do not begin to produce eggs until roughly 4 months after infection. Until this time and in the case of ectopic infections where eggs are not present in the stool, serological tests can be used, the FAST-ELISA being the most popular. It has a sensitivity of 95% and can detect specific F. hepatic antibodies as early as 2 weeks after infection (Tolan). False positives are not common although there is some possibility of cross-reactivity with the schistosomiasis antibodies. The FAST-ELISA can also be used to confirm effective cure as antibody levels return to normal in 6-12 months after the cessation of infection.

Ultrasound can be used to visualize the adult flukes in the bile ducts and a CT scan may reveal the burrow tracts made by the worms and dilation of the bile ducts.

Management and Therapy:

Treatment for fascioliasis has a 80-100% success rate.

In many countries, a 5-10 day course of oral bithionol at 30 mg/kg body weight is not only the preferred treatment but the only one available. It is highly effective when administered as above, but the high dose, cost and length of treatment have made it problematic for large-scale control efforts. Along with pharmaceutical therapy, surgery may be necessary in very extreme cases to clear the biliary tract.

Public Health and Prevention Strategies:

The presence of infection in a population is dependent upon and exacerbated by four factors:

• the presence of a substantial reservoir

• the presence of the intermediate host, the Lymanaea snails

• the opportunity for water source contamination by human and non-human hosts

• dietary practices that include the consumption of raw, untreated aquatic vegetation

Therefore, the most effective public health measures need to address several, if not all, of these factors.

Education ­ Behaviour changes have the potential to be the most effective and cost efficient approaches to disease control and thus, education is an essential aspect of any public health effort. The primary message of Fasciola hepatica campaigns is to keep domestic animal herds separate from the growing sites of aquatic. This limits the risk of contaminating the vegetation and thus decreases both human infection and the animal reservoir.

Teaching the washing of vegetables in either 6% vinegar or potassium permanganate for 5 to 10 minutes, which destroys the encysted metacercariae, is another useful educational effort (Farag). This approach has proven more acceptable to communities than past attempts to entirely halt the consumption of raw vegetables.

Despite the prevalence of fascioliasis in many regions, physicians and health workers often do not consider the possibility of Fasciola hepatica infection when treating patients and thus, would benefit from awareness training. This would increase timely identification and treatment, decreasing both the individual disease burden and transmission by way of the human reservoir.

Molluscicides ­ The most frequently used public health intervention is the application of molluscicides to decrease the population of Lymnaea snails, the intermediate hosts of Fasciola hepatica. Molluscicides have been particularly popular because they also decrease transmission of many other trematodes of importance, such as the various Schistosoma species.

Chemotherapy ­ Chemotherapy has been used for years in animal populations to decrease the animal reservoir and reduce agricultural losses. Until recently, however, bithionol was the only treatment available for fascioliasis and its cost, high doses, and the extended length of treatment effectively prohibited its use for large-scale campaigns. The antihelmintic triclabendazole is not yet approved in most countries, but shows great promise for its utility in single-dose chemotherapy efforts to control morbidity and transmission in endemic areas.

 

Useful Web Links:

Center for Disease Control: Parasitology section http://www.dpd.cdc.gov

Graphic Images of Parasites at the Ohio State University http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/parasite/images.html

Parasitology.org http://www.parasitology.org

 World Health Organization http://www.who.int

 

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References

Chitsulo, Montresor, and Savioli. "New opportunities for the control of fascioliasis." Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 16 May 2001 <http://www.who.int/bulletin/editorials/issue4/fascioliasis>.

Farag, Hoda. "Human fascioliasis in some countries of the Middle Eastern Region.." Eastern Mediterranean Region Office of the WHO. 22 May 2001 <http://www.emro.who.int/publications/emlij/0401/24.htm>.

"Fasciola Hepatica." Parasitology.org. 16 May 2001 <http://www.parasitology.org/imagehtml/Fhepatica.htm>.

"Fasciola Hepatica." Zoo Lab. U. of Wisconsin. 19 May 2001 <http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/zootest/table%5Fof%5Fcontents/lab%2D04/fasciola/fasciola.htm>.
"Fasciola Hepatica: The Liver Fluke." Cambridge U. Schistosome Research Group. 11 May 2001 <http://www.path.cam.ac.uk/~tjs16/OtherFlukes/Fasciola.html>.
"Fascioliasis." Health Network. 19 May 2001 <http://www.healthnetwork.com.au/search-conditions-display.php3?name=FASCIOLIASIS>.
"Intestinal Parasites: Burdens and Trends." WHO Online. 11 May 2001 <http://www.who.int/ctd/intpara/burdens.htm>.
Katz, Michael, Dickson D. Desponnier, Robert W. Gevadz. Parasitic Disease. 2^nd ed. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1989.
Malek, Emile A. Snail-Transmitted Parasitic Diseases. 2 vols. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1980.
Markell, Edward K., David T. John, and Wojciech A. Krotski. Markell and Voge's Medical Parasitology. 8^th ed. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co., 1999.
"Parasites and Health: Fascioliasis." Center for Disease Control Online. 11 May 2001 <http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/HTML/Fascioliasis.htm>.
Sun, Tsieh. Parasitic Disorders: Pathology, Diagnosis and Management. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkes, 1999.
Sun, Tsieh. Pathology and Clinical Features of Parasitic Disease. New York: Masson Pub. USA, 1982

Tolan, Robert. "Fascioliasis from Pediatrics/Parasitology." eMedicine. 19 May 2001 <."http://www.emedicine.com/ped/topic/760.htm>.

"Triclabendazole and Fascioliasis - A New Drug to Combat an Age-Old Disease." WHO Fact Sheet. n.191. 1998, 11 May 2001 <http://www.who.int/inf-fs/en/fact191.html>.

 

Klasisifikasi Metode Analisis Volumetri

Klasifikasi Metode Analisis Volumetri

Posted by indigomorie on Aug 20, 2009 | Leave a Comment

 
Titrasi ada kalanya orang menyebut sebagai metode volumetric, hal ini disebabkan pengukuran volume larutan dalam titrasi memegang peranan yang penting. Dari pengambilan analit dengan volume tertentu hingga pembacaan volume titran yang habis dipakai untuk titrasi mempengaruhi semua hasil analisis. Oleh sebab itu penggunaan peralatan yang tepat dalam titrasi juga tidak boleh disepelekan.
Metode Volumetri dibedakan atas jenis-jenis reaksi yang terlibat antara titran dan analit yaitu:

• Asam-Basa. Terdapat banyak senyawa asam dan basa yang dapat ditentukan secara titrasi. Baik asam kuat atau basa kuat, titik akhir titrasipun sangat mudah diamati dengan penggunaan indicator asam basa seperti fenolphtalein (PP), metal merah, metal orange, dan lainnya. Pada saat titik equivalent diperoleh maka larutan bersifat netral akan tetapi dengan penambahan sedikit titran untuk mencapai titik akhir titrasi maka cukup untuk mengubah warna indicator asam basa. Cara lain adalah dengan menggunakan pHmeter. Asam lemah dan basa lemah juga dapat dititrasi begitu juga dengan asam organic yang dititrasi dengan pelarut non-air.
• Reduksi-Oksidasi . Zat yang bersifat oksidator seperti KMnO4, K2CrO4, I2, dan zat yang bersifat reduktor seperti H2C2O4, Fe2+, Sn2+ dapat ditentukan dengan metode titrasi ini. Reaksi redoks terlibat saat titran dan analit bereaksi. Beberapa metode titrasi redoks tidak membutuhkan indicator untuk melihat titik akhir titrasi seperti titrasi antara KMnO4 dan H2C2O4 disebabkan KMnO4 itu sendiri sudah berwarna. Amylum biasanya dipakai untuk titrasi yang melibatkan I2.
• Kompleksometri. Reaksi pembentukan kompleks antara EDTA dan ion logam mendasari metode ini. EDTA merupakan jenis titrant yang banyak dipakai untuk titrasi kompleksometri dan bereaksi dengan banyak logam, reaksinyapun dapat dikontrol dengan mengontrol pH larutan.
• Pengendapan. Reaksi pembentukan endapan menjadi dasar metode ini. Titran dan analit bereaksi membentuk endapan seperti penentuan ion klorida dengan menggunakan titran AgNO3. Indikator dapat digunakan untuk menentukan titik akhir titrasi misalnya K2CrO4 untuk titrasi yang menggunakan titran perak nitrat.

Sumber gambar: www.sxc.hu
 http://kimiaanalisa.web.id/klasifikasi-metode-analisis-volumetri/